CCTV Buying Guide for Egypt Businesses: Types of CCTV Cameras, Recorders and Rules

Buying CCTV in Egypt is not just a question of picking cameras from a catalogue. You need to match the types of CCTV cameras to each location, choose between IP and analogue systems, size recording storage for your retention period, protect the system from cyber attack and, in many cases, meet the requirements of SIRA in Cairo or the equivalent authority in your governorate. This guide walks through each decision in the order a buyer should make it.

Start with the purpose of each camera

Most poor CCTV systems fail because nobody defined what each camera was supposed to show. A camera that covers an entire car park looks impressive in the showroom but cannot identify a face or a number plate when you actually need evidence.

The four levels of detail

The international standard IEC 62676-4 describes operational requirements in terms of pixel density on the target, often called DORI:

Level	What you can do	Typical pixel density on target
Detection	See that a person or vehicle is present	About 25 pixels per metre
Observation	See what a person is doing; general description	About 62 pixels per metre
Recognition	Recognise someone you know	About 125 pixels per metre
Identification	Identify an unknown person beyond reasonable doubt	About 250 pixels per metre

Write a short requirement for each camera position: “identify everyone entering through the main door”, “observe activity at the loading bay”, “recognise staff at the cash counter”. Those statements decide the camera type, resolution and lens far better than a generic specification.

Types of CCTV cameras

The main types of CCTV cameras differ in housing, field of view and flexibility. Each has an ideal use.

Camera type	Description	Best for	Watch out for
Dome	Camera inside a dome housing, ceiling-mounted	Offices, retail floors, corridors	Dome covers attract dust and IR reflection if dirty
Bullet	Cylindrical, wall-mounted, visibly a camera	Car parks, perimeters, entrances	Visible deterrent but easier to tamper with
Turret (eyeball)	Ball-in-socket design, no dome cover	Indoor and outdoor general use	Slightly less vandal-resistant than domes
PTZ (pan-tilt-zoom)	Motorised; operator or auto-tracking control	Large open areas, monitored sites	Only sees one direction at a time
Fisheye / panoramic	180° or 360° view from one camera	Shop floors, open-plan offices, lobbies	Lower detail at the edges
Multi-sensor	Several sensors in one housing	Wide outdoor areas, intersections	Higher bandwidth and storage
ANPR / LPR	Optimised for number plate capture	Car park barriers, gates	Needs careful angle and shutter settings
Covert / pinhole	Small, discreet cameras	ATMs, specific high-risk points	Legal and privacy limits on use
Thermal	Detects heat rather than light	Perimeters, fire detection in warehouses	Not suitable for identification

Choosing a CCTV camera for an office

For a typical CCTV camera for office use, fixed domes or turrets with 4 MP resolution cover reception, corridors and entrances well. Add a higher-resolution or narrow-lens camera at the main entrance for identification, a panoramic camera in large open-plan areas, and cameras covering the server room door and any cash or document storage. Avoid pointing cameras at individual workstations or screens unless you have a clear, lawful reason and staff are informed.

Resolution, pixel density and lenses

Resolution

Common resolutions are 2 MP (1080p), 4 MP, 5 MP and 8 MP (4K). Higher resolution gives more pixels on target, but only if the lens frames the scene properly, and it increases bandwidth and storage. A 4 MP camera with the right lens often beats an 8 MP camera with a wide lens covering too much.

Lenses and field of view

• Fixed lens: focal lengths of 2.8 mm (wide) to 6 mm or more (narrow). Cheaper and simple but must be chosen correctly before installation.
• Varifocal motorised lens: focal length adjustable remotely, so the installer can fine-tune framing. Worth it for entrances and car parks.

As a rule, the wider the lens, the shorter the distance at which you can identify someone. Many manufacturers provide online design tools that calculate pixel density for a given camera, lens and distance; ask your installer to use them and share the results.

Frame rate

Most business CCTV records at 10–15 frames per second, which is enough for general surveillance. Cash counters, gaming areas or fast-moving vehicles may need 25 fps. Higher frame rates increase storage proportionally.

Low light, glare and the Egyptian climate

Night-time performance

Infrared (IR) illuminators let cameras see in darkness, typically in black and white, at ranges stated on the datasheet. Low-light colour technologies, marketed under various names, use larger sensors and wider apertures to keep colour at night, sometimes with a soft white light. For outdoor areas with some street lighting, low-light colour cameras often produce more useful evidence than IR.

Glare and backlight

Egyptian sunlight is intense, and many entrances face glass doors with bright exteriors. Choose cameras with true wide dynamic range (WDR), usually rated at 120 dB or higher, so faces at the door are not silhouettes against the sky. Avoid pointing cameras directly at the sun’s path at sunrise or sunset.

Heat, dust and humidity

Outdoor cameras should have an IP66 or IP67 weatherproof rating and, where vandalism is a risk, IK10 impact rating. Check the maximum operating temperature on the datasheet — rooftop and wall-mounted cameras in direct summer sun can exceed 60 °C on the housing, and not every model is designed for that. Sunshields help. Fine dust and coastal humidity cloud dome covers and lenses, so build cleaning into the maintenance plan.

IP camera vs analog camera

The IP camera vs analog camera decision shapes the rest of the system.

Factor	IP cameras	Analogue HD (TVI/CVI/AHD)
Cabling	Cat6 network cable; power and video on one cable via PoE	Coaxial cable plus separate power (or PoC on some systems)
Resolution	Up to 4K and beyond; multi-sensor options	Up to around 8 MP on current systems
Analytics	On-camera analytics common (line crossing, people counting, ANPR)	Limited, usually done in the recorder
Scalability	Add cameras anywhere on the network	Limited by recorder channel count
Distance	100 m per cable run; extend with switches or fibre	Longer coax runs possible without extra equipment
Integration	Integrates with access control, VMS and other systems	More closed
Cyber exposure	Each camera is a network device to secure	Smaller network attack surface

For new buildings and fit-outs, IP is the standard choice. Analogue HD makes sense when you are upgrading an older system and want to reuse existing coaxial cabling, or for very small sites where simplicity matters most. Hybrid recorders can accept both, which helps with phased upgrades.

Power over Ethernet

IP cameras usually take power from the network switch via PoE. Check each camera’s power class: fixed domes use little, but PTZ cameras with heaters, IR and wipers may need PoE+ or PoE++. Add up the total and choose switches with enough PoE budget, plus a UPS so cameras keep recording during short outages. Cabling to cameras should be part of a properly designed structured cabling system, tested and labelled like any other outlet.

NVR vs DVR vs VMS

The recorder stores video and lets operators review it. The NVR vs DVR choice follows from your camera type.

DVR (digital video recorder)

A DVR connects to analogue cameras by coax and converts the signal into digital video. It is simple, but each camera needs a cable home-run to the DVR, and channel count is fixed.

NVR (network video recorder)

An NVR records video streams from IP cameras over the network. Many have built-in PoE ports for small systems; larger systems use separate PoE switches. NVRs are a good fit for single sites of up to a few dozen cameras.

VMS (video management software)

For larger or multi-site estates, video management software running on standard servers offers more flexibility: central management of many sites, advanced search, integration with access control and alarms, and scalable storage. It runs on servers sized for the camera count and retention period, which is where storage solutions in Cairo and server planning come in.

	DVR	NVR	VMS on servers
Camera type	Analogue	IP	IP (and analogue via encoders)
Scale	Small	Small to medium	Medium to enterprise, multi-site
Storage expansion	Limited internal bays	Internal bays, sometimes external	Flexible, can use NAS/SAN
Integration	Basic	Moderate	Extensive
Redundancy	Usually none	RAID on larger models	Failover servers and RAID

CCTV storage calculation

A proper CCTV storage calculation prevents the two most common complaints: footage overwritten too soon, or recorders that fill up after a camera is added.

The method

1. Find the bitrate per camera. This depends on resolution, frame rate, compression (H.264, H.265 or vendor smart codecs) and scene activity. A busy shop floor produces a higher bitrate than an empty corridor. Use the manufacturer’s calculator or measure on site.
2. Convert to storage per day. Bitrate in megabits per second × 86,400 seconds ÷ 8 = megabytes per day. Divide by 1,000 for gigabytes.
3. Multiply by the number of cameras and retention days.
4. Adjust for recording mode. Motion-based recording reduces storage, but continuous recording is often required for regulated sites.
5. Add overhead. Allow for RAID parity, file system overhead and about 20% growth.

A worked example

A camera streaming at 4 Mbps produces roughly 4 × 86,400 ÷ 8 = 43,200 MB, or about 43 GB per day. Over 31 days that is about 1.3 TB for one camera. Twenty similar cameras would need around 27 TB of usable space before RAID and growth allowances. Changing from H.264 to H.265, or lowering frame rate where acceptable, can reduce this considerably.

Choosing drives and redundancy

Use surveillance-rated hard drives designed for continuous writing. For recorders holding evidence you must keep, use RAID 5 or RAID 6 so a single drive failure does not lose footage, and monitor drive health. Consider a second copy of critical footage on a separate system where regulations or business risk justify it.

SIRA CCTV requirements and Egyptian regulations

Regulation is where Egypt CCTV projects differ most from other markets. Rules vary by governorate and by type of business, and they are updated periodically, so treat this section as an orientation and confirm current requirements before buying.

Cairo: SIRA

In Cairo, the Security Industry Regulatory Agency (SIRA) regulates the security industry, including CCTV systems, under Cairo’s security industry legislation. Commonly cited SIRA CCTV requirements include:

• Installation, maintenance and design by SIRA-licensed security system companies.
• Mandatory CCTV for specified business categories, such as banks, exchange houses, jewellery shops, malls, hotels, fuel stations and other higher-risk premises.
• Minimum technical standards for cameras, recorders and coverage of entrances, exits, cash areas and car parks.
• Minimum footage retention periods, which vary by activity — 31 days is often quoted, with longer periods for some categories.
• Inspections and approvals before a regulated facility opens or renews its licence, and in some cases connection to a monitoring centre.

If your trade licence activity falls into a regulated category, your CCTV design and installer choice must satisfy SIRA before trade licence or permit approvals can proceed.

Other governorates

Alexandria, Giza and the northern governorates have their own authorities and rules for surveillance in regulated facilities — for example, Alexandria’s Monitoring and Control Centre for many commercial premises. Free zones may add their own requirements through fit-out approvals.

Privacy and data protection

CCTV captures personal data. Egypt’s federal personal data protection law and privacy provisions in other legislation mean you should have a clear purpose, display signage, restrict access to footage, avoid private areas such as washrooms and changing rooms, and think carefully before recording audio. Entities in free zones with their own data protection regimes, such as special economic zones, have additional obligations.

Network design and cyber security

Network cameras are computers with lenses, and poorly secured ones have been used in large botnets. Treat the CCTV system as part of your IT estate.

Isolate and control

• Place cameras and recorders on a dedicated VLAN, separated from staff and guest networks.
• Allow only the recorder and authorised viewing stations to talk to the cameras.
• Never use port forwarding to expose an NVR or camera to the internet; use a VPN or the vendor’s secure remote access with multi-factor authentication.
• Size switches and uplinks for continuous video traffic, which can be substantial on large sites.

Designing the camera network alongside the rest of your network solutions keeps bandwidth, PoE and VLANs consistent. Our blog on managed vs unmanaged switches explains why VLAN-capable managed switches matter for camera networks.

Harden the devices

• Change all default passwords and disable unused services.
• Keep camera and recorder firmware updated.
• Synchronise time to a reliable source so timestamps hold up as evidence.
• Log and review administrator access.
• Check vendor security advisories regularly.

For organisations that already monitor their network and endpoints, bringing CCTV devices into the scope of a managed security services provider helps detect compromised devices early.

Installation and maintenance

Installation essentials

• Survey the site with the operational requirement for each camera in hand.
• Mount cameras high enough to resist tampering but low enough for facial identification at entrances.
• Weatherproof every outdoor connection and use outdoor-rated cable or conduit.
• Set up recording schedules, motion zones and retention in line with your policy.
• Provide as-built drawings, camera lists with IP addresses and a user handover session.

Integration

Linking CCTV with door access means you can jump straight to the video of a door event or forced entry alarm. If you are also choosing door readers, our article on access control systems explains the options. For a single installer handling both, see our CCTV installation in Cairo service.

Ongoing maintenance

Schedule maintenance at least twice a year, more often for dusty or coastal outdoor sites: clean lenses and domes, check focus and framing, review recording health and drive status, update firmware, and test that retention is actually being met by viewing the oldest footage.

Retail and multi-site businesses

Retailers have particular needs: cash counter coverage, stockroom and loading bay monitoring, people counting and heat-mapping analytics, and central viewing across branches. A VMS or cloud-managed platform makes multi-store oversight much easier. If you run several stores, combine CCTV planning with the rest of your retail IT solutions so the network, POS and cameras share a consistent design.

Buyer’s checklist

☐ Operational requirement written for each camera (detect, observe, recognise, identify)

☐ Camera types, resolution and lenses selected to meet pixel density targets

☐ Outdoor cameras rated for Egyptian heat, dust and sun (IP66/67, temperature range, WDR)

☐ IP or analogue approach decided; PoE budget and UPS planned

☐ Recorder platform chosen (DVR, NVR or VMS) with room to grow

☐ Storage calculated for bitrate, cameras and retention, plus RAID and growth

☐ SIRA or other governorate requirements confirmed for your business activity

☐ Licensed installer appointed where required

☐ Cameras and recorders on an isolated VLAN; no port forwarding

☐ Default passwords changed, firmware updated, time synchronised

☐ Signage displayed and privacy policy updated

☐ Maintenance schedule and handover documentation agreed

Common mistakes

• Buying on resolution alone. Lens and placement decide whether you can identify anyone.
• One wide camera for a whole area. It covers everything and identifies nothing.
• Underestimating storage. Recorders overwrite footage early, often unnoticed until an incident.
• Ignoring the regulations. Non-compliant systems can delay licence renewals or fail inspections.
• Exposing recorders to the internet. This is one of the most common routes for camera compromise.
• Indoor cameras outdoors. They fail quickly in Egyptian heat and humidity.
• No maintenance. Dusty domes and drifted focus make footage useless.

Frequently asked questions

Conclusion

Choosing among the types of CCTV cameras is only the first step. A system that genuinely protects an Egyptian business starts with clear requirements for each camera, uses resolution and lenses that deliver the right pixel density, survives heat and glare, records to properly calculated storage, meets SIRA or other governorate rules and is secured like any other network device. Plan those elements together and your cameras will produce usable evidence when it matters. For more practical infrastructure advice, browse our IT guides.